Tes Kemampuan Akademik (TKA) sebagai Inovasi Evaluasi Pendidikan: Sebuah Tinjauan Naratif
Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji secara kritis dan komprehensif peran Tes Kemampuan Akademik (TKA) sebagai inovasi evaluasi pendidikan dalam mewujudkan asesmen yang objektif, adil, dan terstandarisasi di Indonesia. TKA merupakan kebijakan baru yang menggantikan Ujian Nasional (UN) dan berfungsi sebagai asesmen opsional berbasis komputer yang tidak menentukan kelulusan, melainkan fokus pada pengukuran capaian akademik murid untuk seleksi prestasi, penyetaraan hasil belajar lintas jalur pendidikan (formal, non formal, informal), serta pengendalian mutu pendidikan. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain tinjauan naratif literatur (narrative literature review), untuk menelaah literatur akademis, buku referensi, dokumen kebijakan resmi, dan laporan kajian. Kemudian data literatur diolah melalui kombinasi dua model analisis yang saling komplementer, yaitu model analisis interaktif dari Miles dan Huberman dan prosedur analisis tematik reflektif dari Braun dan Clarke. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan TKA dirancang secara objektif dan terstandarisasi dengan landasan psikometris IRT dan CAT, mengukur kemampuan HOTS seperti penalaran verbal, numerik, logika, dan spasial. Inovasi TKA yang inklusif menghadapi tantangan utama seperti kesenjangan digital di daerah terpencil, keterbatasan SDM, dan risiko high-stakes test. Solusi mitigasi mencakup pilot CAT-IRT, pelatihan guru via MoOC, dan dukungan infrastruktur afirmatif. Inovasi TKA diharapkan dapat merevolusi evaluasi pendidikan nasional menuju sistem yang adaptif, berbasis data, inklusif, dan berkeadilan.
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